Regina E. Oladokun: MBBS, FMCPaed, MPH, FWACP, Cert ID (SA) Paed, MPhil PaedInfDis (Cape Town).
Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-5019
Rannakoe J. Lehloenya: BSc, MBChB, FCDerm (SA).
Senior Lecturer and Consultant, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
Carol Hlela: FCDerm, MMed Derm, DPhil (Oxon), MSc GHS (Oxon).
Head of Paediatric Dermatology Unit, Red Cross Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Agozie C. Ubesie: MBBS, FMCPaed, MWACP, MPH, FWACP.
Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant, Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
Sherifat O. Katibi: MBBS, FMCPaed.
Paediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Ilorin/Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.
Ombeva O. Malande: MBChB, MMed.
Department of Paediatrics and Child health, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya.
Brian S. Eley: MBChB, BSc, FC Paed (SA).
Head: Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Attempts have been made by the authors to present the material in the book as completely and up-to-date as possible at the time of publication. However, there are no warranties that the information provided is totally devoid of errors or will remain accurate since new information may become available in the face of changes from new research and clinical experience in the field of HIV medicine. Readers are advised to keep up with new information on the subject matter.
Sub-Saharan Africa bears the greatest burden of paediatric HIV disease. This atlas is the first of its kind with photographs of varying skin, systemic conditions and opportunistic infections in the HIV- infected paediatric patient. The aim of the atlas is to illustrate conditions which were captured among paediatric patients presenting to HIV clinics and wards in an African setting. Some of the conditions are commonly seen in HIV-infected children while some are not specific to HIV.
The atlas is presented in two parts. The first part of the atlas illustrates and discusses dermatological conditions and the second part non-dermatological diseases in paediatric HIV infection. Paediatric HIV in general and HIV-associated paediatric dermatology in particular, is a grey area for many health care workers.
There is a saying that “One picture is worth a thousand words”. Most published material on HIV focuses on adults and often has limited information on paediatric HIV and is deficient of pictures for illustration. We hope that this atlas with its illustrations will facilitate recognition and management of skin and non-skin conditions seen in HIV-infected children. To enrich the atlas’ appeal, in most instances, photographs are featured to cover the variation in clinical spectrum and severity of the different conditions. It is essential to diagnose both skin and non-skin lesions appropriately as the skin may also be a window into systemic disease. Therefore, early recognition can often save lives. Some skin diseases are life threatening, others are disfiguring and stigmatising while others cause pronounced discomfort for HIV-infected children.
The atlas is intended for use by medical students, doctors and other healthcare professionals at different levels, either in the private sector, public institutions or university setting. Clinical features, diagnostic and treatment modalities are briefly highlighted, based on published literature and the authors’ expertise. A list of references for further reading has also been included on each subject matter.
Regina Oladokun & Rannakoe J. Lehloenya
| ABC | Abacavir |
| AIDS | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| ART | Antiretroviral therapy |
| ARVs |
Antiretrovirals |
| AZT | Zidovudine |
| BCG | Bacille Calmette Guerin |
| CDC |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| CMV | Cytomegalovirus |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| CT | Computed Tomography |
| CXR | Chest X-ray |
| d4T |
Stavudine |
| E |
Ethambutol |
| EFV | Efavirenz |
| FNAC |
Fine needle aspiration cytology |
| GI |
Gastrointestinal |
| H |
Isoniazid |
| HIV OFC | Human immunodeficiency virus Occipitofrontal Circumference |
| OI |
Opportunistic infection |
| INH |
Isoniazid |
| IRIS |
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome |
| IV |
Intravenous |
| KS |
Kaposi sarcoma |
| LIP | Lymphoid intestinal pneumonitis |
| LPV/r |
Lopinavir/ritonavir |
| MDR-TB | Multidrug resistant tuberculosis |
| MAC | Mycobacterium Avium Complex |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
| MTB MUAC | Mycobacterium tuberculosis mid upper arm circumference |
| NNRTI | Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| NRTI | Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| NVP | Nevirapine |
| PCP | Pneumocystis pneumonia |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
| PI | Protease inhibitor |
| PO | Per oral |
| PMTCT | Prevention of mother to child transmission (of HIV) |
| PTB | Pulmonary Tuberculosis |
| PZA | Pyrazinamide |
| R | Rifampicin |
| RIF | Rifampicin |
| RTUF | Ready to use foods |
| SAM | Severe acute malnutrition |
| TB | Tuberculosis |
| TBM | Tuberculous Meningitis |
| WHO | World Health Organisation |
| Z | Pyrazinamide |